Un-curated Digital Data
: Think of a dump of some random hard drive. Without meaningful file names and a meaningful directory structure it will be difficult to find information without examining each and every file. File formats, in particular old and/or proprietary file formats, hinder the situation further by making it difficult to open a given file without the needed software to open it installed on your machine. Metadata is another way of providing insight as to the contents of a file. Consider a document tagged with keywords "paper, large dynamic groups" indicating a paper submission for a social science study looking into the behavior of large groups of people. Curated data is data that has been stored and diligently named, organized, and tagged so that others, both today and long in the future, can utilize the data. Uncurated data on the other hand doesn't have much of this and is essentially a big mess for others to go through. A significant amount of digital data, if not most, is uncurated. In the scientific world this is sometimes referred to as "long tail" data, suggesting this is linked with the tail of the distribution of project sizes, with the vast majority of smaller projects not having the resources to properly manage the data they produce. The bottom line is that curation is a cumbersome process and creating new data is both faster and more rewarding, at least in the short term, than going back and organizing old data. As science hinges on reproducibility and building on past results, however, these problems must be addressed.
Un-structured Digtial Data
: Data types that typically don't involve text (e.g. images, video, audio, 3d models, etc.). Images are a good example. To a computer images are nothing more than an array of numbers representing pixel intensities or colors. Though images are extremely informative to us as human beings, for a computer to make any use of them some form of pre-processing must be run. An example would be to use computer vision to recognize faces within the image and then spit out their locations as numerical values and a textural tag identifying these areas as faces. With information such as this a computer is more readily able to carry out a search or other process involving the contents of such data.
Conversion
: A transformations that largely preserves the entirety of the data.
Extraction: A transformation that creates new data from the given data.