The ways a system or constituent element of that system can fail to meet its intended purpose or function. [Stamatis, D.H. (2003). Failure Mode and Effect Analysis. Milwaukee: ASQ Quality Press.]

Engineering "Earthquakes which occur in fields" far from "the fault are called near-field earthquakes." Far-field earthquakes have higher frequencies compared to the "higher acceleration and more limited frequencies" of near-field earthquakes." (Heydari and Mousavi 2015; abstract) [Heydari, M., & Mousavi, M. (2015). The Comparison of Seismic Effects of Near-Field and Far-Field Earthquakes on Relative Displacement of Seven-Storey Concrete Building With Shear Wall. Current World Environment, 10(Special Issue). DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.10.Special-Issue1.07]

Emergency-Management “A basic visual assessment of a structure's vulnerability to seismic activity. The rapid visual screening (RVS) procedure has been developed to identify, inventory, and screen buildings that are potentially seismically hazardous.” (FEMA 2015) [Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2015). Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards: A Handbook. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1108/dpm.2003.07312dab.014]

Please verify the spelling of this term in the glossary document. The definition below assumes the term to be ‘Field Kits’. Portable collections of tools used for research conducted outside of a laboratory setting. The contents of Field Kits will vary based on the intentions of the research. For example, a Field Kit for post-tornado damage field study can include photography equipment, unmanned aerial vehicles, tape measures, and smartphones for collecting data using a standardized form [Sutley et al. 2019]. A Field Kit for documenting long-term recovery, from a flood or other disaster, can include IRB-approved questionnaires, interview guides, study information sheets, handouts on available mental health or financial resources, map of sample, and photography equipment [Sutley et al. n.d.]. [Sutley, E., Lequesne, R., Li, J., Kirkham, W., Chen, Z.Q., Al-Sabawy, A., Daniel, L., Enderami, S. A., Kim, J., Mudaliar, T., Taher, S., Sharma, P., Roueche, D. (2019) “StEER - 28 MAY 2019 Linwood, KS EF4 Tornado: Field Assessment Structural Team (FAST) Early Access Reconnaissance Report (EARR).” DesignSafe-CI. doi: 10.17603/ds2-xz1j-nm14. Sutley, E., Dillard, M., van de Lindt, J. Watson, M., Hamideh, S., Helgeson, J., Tobin, J., Crawford, S., Gu, D. Mitrani-Reiser, J., Xiao, Y. and Peacock, W. (n.d.). “The Lumberton, North Carolina Flood of 2016, Wave 2: A Community Recovery-Focused Technical Investigation.” NIST Special Publication #TBD, In Review.]

A document which describes the specific procedures used for conducting research outside of a laboratory setting. The document indicates the methods used for data collection, observation, measurement, analysis, and evaluation; alternative procedures to be followed in the event of modified or unexpected circumstances may also be included in the document. For example, a Field Study Protocol for the initial study of community resilience of a flooded community included the goals of the study, the methodology used for sampling, the instruments used for surveying households, the procedures for collecting data, instructions on how to manage the collected data, and field team safety guidance [van de Lindt et al. 2018]. [van de Lindt, J. W., Peacock, W. G., Mitrani-Reiser, J., Rosenheim, N., Deniz, D., Dillard, M., Tomiczek, T., Koliou, M., Graettinger, A., Crawford, S., Harrison, K. W., Barbosa, A., Tobin, J., Helgeson, J. F., Peek, L., Memari, M., Sutley, E., Hamideh, S., Gu, D., Cauffman, S. A., and Fung, J. F. (2018). “The Lumberton, North Carolina flood of 2016: community resilience focused technical investigation.” NIST Special Publication 1230, National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD, doi: 10.6028/NIST.SP.1230]

Maps outlining the risk of wildfire occuring at a particular location. It represents relative rating of how easy it is to ignite available fuels.

"Flood-induced soil erosion, commonly known as scour, causes loss of lateral support at bridge foundations, and thus imposes additional flexibility that may amplify the effect of any other extreme natural hazard on bridge performance. Some researchers also stated that the increased flexibility due to scour may even reduce the effect of an extreme natural hazard like earthquake on bridge performance." (Ganesh Prasad and Banerjee 2013; 803) [Ganesh Prasad, G., & Banerjee, S. (2013). The impact of flood-induced scour on seismic fragility characteristics of bridges. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 17(6), 803-828.]

"Floodplains are the relatively flat lands adjacent to a body of water, such as a river or stream, that become flooded (inundated with water) when channel capacity is exceeded and overtopping occurs." (Snohomish County Government 2019; web)

Tsunami intensity measures that can be used to estimate the probability of damage to structures. Inundation models such as ComMIT/MOST, Coulwave, and ADCIRC can be used to find these curves. (Park et al. 2014)

Flow direction measures the statistical and spatial distribution of a topographic index of a watershed, and is subject to alteration from watershed infrastructure and/or surge from natural hazard occurances.

Civil-Engineering Computer programs that are used to analyze and model the flow of water within various systems. Softwares can analyze hydraulic flow fields, open channel flow, stream hydrology, etc. [(n.d.) Fluid Mechanics. Civil Engineering Software Database. Retrieved from https://www.cesdb.com/fluid-mechanics/]

Food security is the condition in which “all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.” (FAO 1996) [FAO. (1996). World food summit: Rome declaration on world food security and World Food summit plan of action. FAO.]

The size of a natural hazard in terms of geographic area affected and the level of destruction. (Gupta and Sharma 2001)

"A technique that uses historical data as inputs to make informed estimates that are predictive in determining the direction of future trends" (Chen 2018; web)

The probability of exceeding a specific damage state given the intensity measure of a hazard. (Farsangi 2016)

A calculation or realization of the conditional probability of failure of a structural member or system for a given set of demand variables. (Gardoni et al. 2004; 1024)

Functions that estimate probability of exceeding specific damage states due to the onset progression of the demand variables (Gardoni et al. 2010; 869)

A method that validates the computational environment and data architecture of the IN-CORE modeling and assess the accuracy of a computational modeling environment.

The Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) is a "megathrust" fault that is approximately 700 miles (1,030 km) long, dipping fault that stretches from Brooks Peninsula on Vancover Island in British Columbia to Cape Mendocino in California. The full-rupture CSZ event is an end-to-end earthquake rupture that could result in M8.7~M9.3 earthquakes.

In the context of infrastructure resilience assessment, functionality refers to how well a component or system performs its intended purpose uder disruption, usually expressed as functions of a hazard intensity measure." (Glinz 2012; 12)

Functions that estimate probability of exceeding specific levels of functionality (or lack of it) for a given set of demand variables (Karamlou & Bocchini 2017; web)