"Numerical models (General Circulation Models or GCMs), representing physical processes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and land surface, are the most advanced tools currently available for simulating the response of the global climate system to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations" (IPCC 2020; web) [Retrieved from https://ipcc-data.org/guidelines/pages/gcm_guide.html]

The theory describing, the state of the economic system at any point of time as the solution of a system of simultaneous equations representing the demand for goods by consumers, the supply of goods by producers, and the equilibrium condition that supply equal demand on every market. (Arrow and Debreu (1954) [Arrow, K. J., & Debreu, G. (1954). Existence of an equilibrium for a competitive economy. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 265-290.]

A map that shows inundation values of a simulated tsunami over a geographic area

Tornado Hazard. In IN-CORE, four simplified scenarios for tornado wind speed distributed spatially over a region or community are available. All tornado width and length data will come from the statistics developed by Standohar-Alfano and van de Lindt (2015) for NWS data between 1973-2011. The four alternatives for distribution of tornado intensity along width and length range from the simplest and most conservative to a more realistic, but still idealized, spatial distribution. However, it is underscored that these are idealizations and that tornado wind speeds are highly turbulent, but since they have not yet been accurately measured by scientists, this idealization is necessary. Please see the tornado hazard model page on Confluence with more details. https://opensource.ncsa.illinois.edu/confluence/display/INCORE1/Tornado+Hazard+Model

A genetic algorithm is an optimization algorithm belonging to the class of nature-inspired metaheuristics. Genetic algorithms are population-based stochastic meta-heuristic algorithms inspired by genetic evolution consisting of different operations such as crossover, mutation, selection, etc. (Goldberg 1989)