Emergency-Management "Information and Communication Technologies." (Palen, "Citizen Communication...,", 2007, 727) Technologies used to provide information about various topics such as a disaster and/or communicate with emergency personnel, victims of disaster, the general public, etc. [Palen, Leysia, and Sophia B. Liu. “Citizen Communications in Crisis: Anticipating a Future of ICT-Supported Public Participation.” CHI 2007 Proceedings (Emergency Action). April 28- May 3, 2007, San Jose, CA, 10 pages (727-736).]