The study and mapping of the sea floor. It involves obtaining measurements of the depth of the ocean and is the equivalent to mapping topography on land.

Open-ended interview guide: A semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions helps probe individual thoughts and opinions without confining them to alternatives. It helps collect relevant information, which may not always be possible with a standardized survey questionnaire (Newcomer et al., 2015). [Newcomer, K. E., Hatry, H. P., & Wholey, J. S. (2015). Conducting semi-structured interviews. Handbook of practical program evaluation: USA]. Public-Health: A template developed for facilitating a discussion with a research subject that involves question structures that allow for individualized responses that are more extended than structured or multiple choice questions. [Hong, Y., Li, X., Stanton, B., Lin, D., Fang, X., Rong, M., & Wang, J. (2006). Too costly to be ill: Health care access and health seeking behaviors among rural-to-urban migrants in China. World health & population, 8(2), 22.]

Computer-Science A computer program that uses software and peripheral hardware that is modular and considered free to use by anyone. The programs are public with users considered "collaborators", while "maximizing adoption throughout the value chain but minimizing the options for appropriating rents from the software". This differs from proprietary platforms, which are controlled by sponsoring firms. (West, 2003; 1264) [West, J. (2003). How open is open enough?: Melding proprietary and open source platform strategies. Research policy, 32(7), 1259-1285.]

Engineering: Extreme loads are the worst case forces applied to a structure that require the most resistance and can cause failure. A design load is determined using reliability analysis and extreme loads. The operational loads are the everyday non-extreme event forces which the structure can withstand since it is designed considering extreme loading. (Ellingwood and Tekie, 1999) [Ellingwood, B. R., & Tekie, P. B. (1999). Wind load statistics for probability-based structural design. Journal of Structural Engineering, 125(4), 453-463.]

An optimal recovery trajectory is the best attainable progress of the post-disaster recovery process. The optimality of the recovery process is measured in terms of the community resilience objectives.

Business "Type of mathematical model that attempts to optimize (maximize or minimize) an objective function without violating resource constraints; also known as mathematical programming. Optimization models include Linear Programming (LP), integer programming and zero-order programming." (Barron's Educational Series; web) [Barron's Educational Series (n.d.) Optimization Model. Retrieved from https://www.allbusiness.com/barrons_dictionary/dictionary-optimization-model-4943561-1.html]

Energy-Engineering Analysis of what would be the best purchase or expenditures in order to maximize later benefits due to these investments and " can be considered a capital budgeting problem under uncertainty". [Davidson, R. A., Lembo Jr, A. J., Ma, J., Nozick, L. K., & O’Rourke, T. D. (2006). Optimization of investments in natural gas distribution networks. Journal of energy engineering, 132(2), 52-60.]