Systems that account for the effects of social factors in modeling the decisions and the behavior of individuals and institutions

Capacity of the formulation to be adapted to different scales/levels of aggregation (see scale/aggregation)

A set of facts and statistics that can be used across multiple scales and levels of aggregation

Scale: The extent and level of detail at which a system is analyzed. e.g. Macro-scale and micro-scale. Aggregation: The process of reducing many measures to simpler ones, thereby changing the scale of the system

The analysis of different possible outcomes of the future and associated consequences.

The process of building multiple different futures to simulate solutions to a specific problem

One of different possible situations that could exist in the future. A scenario provides the storyline that drives a solution

An institution for educating children. Schools often are the center of social life for K-12 students with their peers as well. Schools play a powerful and symbolic function in disaster recovery as well as child development more generally.

Performing physical and information-based investigation of something in order to identify possible threats and/or criticalities

Seaside, Oregon testbed is used to seismic and tsunami risk and resilience assessment for earthquake-tsunami multi-hazards. Seaside is a small coastal community with approximately 6,000 residents, which can have up to 20,000 tourists on a single day.

Secondary impacts of climate change are associated with increases in global temperature, such as water, ecosystems, food, coast, health, and singular events. The secondary changes lead to direct impacts. These impacts, in turn, lead to indirect impacts from changes in human systems as people respond to changes as individuals, and these changes then affect markets, prices, values, and other variables. Policy responses to climate change do not generally act directly on greenhouse gas emissions, the primary climate change: instead they may act on secondary climate changes or, most commonly, promote technical, economic, and social change which is, in turn, intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation) or to reduce climate change impacts (adaptation). [Retrieved from https://www.soas.ac.uk/cedep-demos/000_P524_CCD_K3736-Demo/unit1/page_24.htm]

The chance of injury, damage or loss resulting from seismic hazards. In mathematical terms, the probability of failure of a system for a given intensity measure of the earthquake.

The time during which something can be used economically or the time during which it is used by one owner