Systems that account for the effects of social factors in modeling the decisions and the behavior of individuals and institutions

Capacity of the formulation to be adapted to different scales/levels of aggregation (see scale/aggregation)

A set of facts and statistics that can be used across multiple scales and levels of aggregation

Scale: The extent and level of detail at which a system is analyzed. e.g. Macro-scale and micro-scale. Aggregation: The process of reducing many measures to simpler ones, thereby changing the scale of the system

The analysis of different possible outcomes of the future and associated consequences.

The process of building multiple different futures to simulate solutions to a specific problem

One of different possible situations that could exist in the future. A scenario provides the storyline that drives a solution

An institution for educating children. Schools often are the center of social life for K-12 students with their peers as well. Schools play a powerful and symbolic function in disaster recovery as well as child development more generally.

Performing physical and information-based investigation of something in order to identify possible threats and/or criticalities

Seaside, Oregon testbed is used to seismic and tsunami risk and resilience assessment for earthquake-tsunami multi-hazards. Seaside is a small coastal community with approximately 6,000 residents, which can have up to 20,000 tourists on a single day.

Secondary impacts of climate change are associated with increases in global temperature, such as water, ecosystems, food, coast, health, and singular events. The secondary changes lead to direct impacts. These impacts, in turn, lead to indirect impacts from changes in human systems as people respond to changes as individuals, and these changes then affect markets, prices, values, and other variables. Policy responses to climate change do not generally act directly on greenhouse gas emissions, the primary climate change: instead they may act on secondary climate changes or, most commonly, promote technical, economic, and social change which is, in turn, intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation) or to reduce climate change impacts (adaptation). [Retrieved from https://www.soas.ac.uk/cedep-demos/000_P524_CCD_K3736-Demo/unit1/page_24.htm]

The chance of injury, damage or loss resulting from seismic hazards. In mathematical terms, the probability of failure of a system for a given intensity measure of the earthquake.

The time during which something can be used economically or the time during which it is used by one owner

Phase of recovery which addresses the health and safety needs beyond rescue, the assessment of the scope of damages and needs, the restoration of essential infrastructure and the mobilization of recovery organizations and resources including restarting and/or/restoring essential services for recovery decision making. (FEMA 2011)

A model of a real activity, created for training purposes or to solve a problem. In computer science, the process of mathematical modeling which is designed to predict the behaviour of or the outcome of a real-world or physical system

A systematical validation of numerical models and data, limited to a single aspect and/or part of the system (e.g. the built environment, the power network...)

Skewed bridges: Bridges characterized by a skew angle different from zero. The skew angle is defined as the angle between a line normal to the centerline of the bridge and the centerline of the support (abutment or pier). Curved bridges: bridges that have some sort of curvature, i.e. turn or bend, within the span of the bridge.

Ground that forms a natural or artificial incline. Upward or downward slant or inclination or degree of slant. In mathematics, the tangent of the angle made by a straight line with the x-axis. The slope of the line tangent to a plane curve at a point.

Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes. A computerized numerical model developed by the National Weather Service (NWS) to estimate storm surge heights resulting from historical, hypothetical, or predicted hurricanes by taking into account the atmospheric pressure, size, forward speed, and track data.

Economics The use of a matrix (table) that "accounts for transactions within an economy." "Within it each row records the details of receipts by each particular account while the columns (which follow the same ordering as the rows) record the corresponding expenditures." (Pyatt & Round, 1977; 339) [Pyatt, G., & Round, J. I. (1977). SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRICES FOR DEVELOPMENT PLANNING 1. Review of Income and Wealth, 23(4), 339-364.]

Environmental-Science Forecasting "changes in environmental factors resulting from alternative plans" due to various social or economic factors or plans. (Canter, 2012; 7-8) [Canter, L. W. (1982). Environmental impact assessment. Impact Assessment, 1(2), 6-40.]

Sociology NIST defines social institutions as “a complex, organized pattern of beliefs and behaviors and can include family, education, government, religion, or economy, each of which is overlapping and interdependent. The purpose of social institutions is to meet the basic individual and household needs.” (NIST 2016). [NIST. (2016). Community Resilience Planning Guide for Buildings and Infrastructure Systems Volume II. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1190v2] "A system of behavioral and relationship patterns that are densely interwoven and enduring, and function across an entire society. They order and structure the behavior of individuals by means of their normative character." Institutions include educational, social, labor-market and economic, law, governance, politics, and cultural. (Verwiebe, 2014; web) [Verwiebe R. (2014) Social Institutions. In: Michalos A.C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer, Dordrecht]

The concept of social vulnerability identifies sensitive populations that may be less likely to respond, cope with, and recover from a natural disaster. Social vulnerability is complex and dynamic, changing over space and through time.