Systems that account for the effects of social factors in modeling the decisions and the behavior of individuals and institutions

Capacity of the formulation to be adapted to different scales/levels of aggregation (see scale/aggregation)

A set of facts and statistics that can be used across multiple scales and levels of aggregation

Scale: The extent and level of detail at which a system is analyzed. e.g. Macro-scale and micro-scale. Aggregation: The process of reducing many measures to simpler ones, thereby changing the scale of the system

The analysis of different possible outcomes of the future and associated consequences.

The process of building multiple different futures to simulate solutions to a specific problem

One of different possible situations that could exist in the future. A scenario provides the storyline that drives a solution

An institution for educating children. Schools often are the center of social life for K-12 students with their peers as well. Schools play a powerful and symbolic function in disaster recovery as well as child development more generally.

Performing physical and information-based investigation of something in order to identify possible threats and/or criticalities

Seaside, Oregon testbed is used to seismic and tsunami risk and resilience assessment for earthquake-tsunami multi-hazards. Seaside is a small coastal community with approximately 6,000 residents, which can have up to 20,000 tourists on a single day.

Secondary impacts of climate change are associated with increases in global temperature, such as water, ecosystems, food, coast, health, and singular events. The secondary changes lead to direct impacts. These impacts, in turn, lead to indirect impacts from changes in human systems as people respond to changes as individuals, and these changes then affect markets, prices, values, and other variables. Policy responses to climate change do not generally act directly on greenhouse gas emissions, the primary climate change: instead they may act on secondary climate changes or, most commonly, promote technical, economic, and social change which is, in turn, intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation) or to reduce climate change impacts (adaptation). [Retrieved from https://www.soas.ac.uk/cedep-demos/000_P524_CCD_K3736-Demo/unit1/page_24.htm]

The chance of injury, damage or loss resulting from seismic hazards. In mathematical terms, the probability of failure of a system for a given intensity measure of the earthquake.

The time during which something can be used economically or the time during which it is used by one owner

Phase of recovery which addresses the health and safety needs beyond rescue, the assessment of the scope of damages and needs, the restoration of essential infrastructure and the mobilization of recovery organizations and resources including restarting and/or/restoring essential services for recovery decision making. (FEMA 2011)

A model of a real activity, created for training purposes or to solve a problem. In computer science, the process of mathematical modeling which is designed to predict the behaviour of or the outcome of a real-world or physical system

A systematical validation of numerical models and data, limited to a single aspect and/or part of the system (e.g. the built environment, the power network...)

Skewed bridges: Bridges characterized by a skew angle different from zero. The skew angle is defined as the angle between a line normal to the centerline of the bridge and the centerline of the support (abutment or pier). Curved bridges: bridges that have some sort of curvature, i.e. turn or bend, within the span of the bridge.

Ground that forms a natural or artificial incline. Upward or downward slant or inclination or degree of slant. In mathematics, the tangent of the angle made by a straight line with the x-axis. The slope of the line tangent to a plane curve at a point.

Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes. A computerized numerical model developed by the National Weather Service (NWS) to estimate storm surge heights resulting from historical, hypothetical, or predicted hurricanes by taking into account the atmospheric pressure, size, forward speed, and track data.

Economics The use of a matrix (table) that "accounts for transactions within an economy." "Within it each row records the details of receipts by each particular account while the columns (which follow the same ordering as the rows) record the corresponding expenditures." (Pyatt & Round, 1977; 339) [Pyatt, G., & Round, J. I. (1977). SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRICES FOR DEVELOPMENT PLANNING 1. Review of Income and Wealth, 23(4), 339-364.]

Environmental-Science Forecasting "changes in environmental factors resulting from alternative plans" due to various social or economic factors or plans. (Canter, 2012; 7-8) [Canter, L. W. (1982). Environmental impact assessment. Impact Assessment, 1(2), 6-40.]

Sociology NIST defines social institutions as “a complex, organized pattern of beliefs and behaviors and can include family, education, government, religion, or economy, each of which is overlapping and interdependent. The purpose of social institutions is to meet the basic individual and household needs.” (NIST 2016). [NIST. (2016). Community Resilience Planning Guide for Buildings and Infrastructure Systems Volume II. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1190v2] "A system of behavioral and relationship patterns that are densely interwoven and enduring, and function across an entire society. They order and structure the behavior of individuals by means of their normative character." Institutions include educational, social, labor-market and economic, law, governance, politics, and cultural. (Verwiebe, 2014; web) [Verwiebe R. (2014) Social Institutions. In: Michalos A.C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer, Dordrecht]

The concept of social vulnerability identifies sensitive populations that may be less likely to respond, cope with, and recover from a natural disaster. Social vulnerability is complex and dynamic, changing over space and through time.

Changes in social, cultural, environmental, and/or economic systems due to some provocation such as a disaster event. [Bornmann, L. (2013). What is societal impact of research and how can it be assessed? A literature survey. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(2), 217-233.]

"Of, relating to, or involving a combination of social and economic factors" [Socioeconomic (n.d.) Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/socioeconomic] “Socioeconomic status is the social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of education, income and occupation. Examinations of socioeconomic status often reveal inequities in access to resources, plus issues related to privilege, power and control.” (APA, 2020) [APA, Socioeconomic Status. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/topics/socioeconomic-status]

spatial CGE model

Meterology The mutual relationship among variables within space. [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (n.d.) Correlation: Spatial Correlation. Retrieved from https://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/csd/pds/PCU2/statistics/Stats/part2/Corr_Space.htm]

General The location in relation to one another of datasets or individuals with some commonality. Used in analysis of behavioral patterns most often and is used in biogeography, anthropology, hydrology, and many other branches of science. [Science Direct (n.d.) Spatial Distribution. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/spatial-distribution]

spatial fragility assignment procedure

Geography The ratio between the actual dimensions of an object and the dimensions of a model of this object. Spatial scale "provides a link between a property distributed in space and its representation, for example, as a map." (Atkinson & Tate, 2010; 607) [Atkinson, P. M., & Tate, N. J. (2000). Spatial scale problems and geostatistical solutions: a review. The Professional Geographer, 52(4), 607-623.]

General How a dataset or population differs or changes due to the area they occupy. [Science Direct (n.d.) Spatial Variation - an overview. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/spatial-variation]

Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering A common categorization of data within a program or research topic. Used in programs such as the NIST-CORE project [van de Lindt, J. W., Ellingwood, B. R., McAllister, T., Gardoni, P., Cox, D. T., Cutler, H., & Peacock, W. G. (2015). Computational environment for modeling and enhancing community resilience: Introducing the center for risk-based community resilience planning.]

Statistical inference refers to the process of drawing conclusions about populations or scientific thruths from data

A stochastic process is defined as a collection of random variables defined on a common probability space; the random variables, indexed by some set T, all take values in the same mathematical space, which must be measurable with respect to some sigma algebra

Stochastic simulation referes to the analysis of stochastic processes through the generation of sample paths (realizations) of the processes

The abnormal rise in seawater level during a storm, measured as the height of the water above the normal predicted astronomical tide. The surge is caused primarily by a storm’s winds pushing water onshore. The amplitude of the storm surge at any given location depends on the orientation of the coast line with the storm track; the intensity, size, and speed of the storm; and the local bathymetry." (NOAA; web) [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (n.d.). What is storm surge? Retrieved from: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/stormsurge-stormtide.html]

Ocean-Sciences;Historically, storm tracks are defined by an aggregate of cyclone tracks. Such a definition requires Lagrangian tracking of cyclone centers to provide information about cyclone frequency and amplitude. Since the development of gridded atmospheric data sets, a second way of defining storm tracks has become popular. The term storm tracks is used to describe the maxima of eddy statistics, such as 500 hPa geopotential height variance. [Chang, E. K. M., Guo, Y., and Xia, X. (2012), CMIP5 multimodel ensemble projection of storm track change under global warming, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D23118, doi:10.1029/2012JD018578.]

Engineering Overall structural analysis "is used to estimate component forces, deformations, and accelerations." Non-Structural Taxonomies are "a categorization system (or taxonomy) of nonstructural components" used "to model the seismic performance" of these components. "Nonstructural components are generally those that are attached to a structure and are not considered part of the structure’s vertical- or lateral-force resisting system." (Porter, K. 2005; 1-2)