Depicts areas of a specific location that have been damaged as a result of a disaster. (Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2018; web)

Seismic-Damage "Damage states are defined based on observational methods" versus "damage indices, which quantify local and global structural damage of buildings, subject to base excitations, on a scale ranging from zero to unity; where zero score represents undamaged state and unity represents collapse damage state of the building." (Sinha and Shiradhonkar 2012; 1) [Sinha, R., & Shiradhonkar, S. R. (2012). Seismic damage index for classification of structural damage–closing the loop. In Proceedings of the 15th World Conference On Earthquake Engineering, Libosa, Portugal. https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_2941.pdf ] Infrastructure-Management A classification for categorizing different levels of physical damage, e.g., none, minor, moderate, severe, and complete, are typical categories. The categories can be defined generically or hazard specific. (Lin et al. 2016) [Lin, P., Wang, N., & Ellingwood, B. R. (2016). A risk de-aggregation framework that relates community resilience goals to building performance objectives. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 1(1-2), 1-13.] DOI Link 2

Applied-Design “A good understanding of the considerations associated with every part of that data acquisition” is necessary “in order to build the right measurement system for an application”. There are different steps involved in data acquisition, “from the fundamentals through to the hardware and software needed, to final design examples.” (Di Paolo Emilio 2013) [Di Paolo Emilio, M. (2013). Data acquisition systems: from fundamentals to applied design. New York: Springer.] General “The process of collecting information from the real world. For most engineers and scientists these data are mostly numerical and are usually collected, stored, and analyzed with a computer.” (Austerlitz 2002) [Austerlitz, H. (2002). Data Acquisition Techniques Using PCs. San Diego, UNITED STATES: Elsevier Science & Technology. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucb/detail.action?docID=313858]

Database-systems The framework can represent data, descriptions of data, attributes of data, and operations on data. (Afsarmanesh and McLeod 1986) [Afsarmanesh, H., and McLeod, D. (1986). A framework for semantic database models. New Directions for Database Systems, G. Ariav and J. Clifford, Eds. Ablex, Norwood, NJ, 149-167.]

“Domain independent and dependent metadata functional requirements that are primarily related to data comparison, integration, and reuse across platforms and databases.” The data requirements can serve “scientists, data curators, and administrators for designing metadata schemes and developing data-curation policies.” (Huang and Qin 2013; 1) [Huang, H., & Qin, J. (2013). Understanding metadata functional requirements in genome curation work: Understanding Metadata Functional Requirements in Genome Curation Work. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 50(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/meet.14505001124]

Information-Technology-(IT) From data’s “creation and initial storage, to the time it becomes obsolete and is deleted, or is forced to be deleted through legislation.” (Reid and Fraser-King 2007) [Reid, R., & Fraser-King,W., G. (2007). Data Lifecycles: Managing Data for Strategic Advantage. Retrieved from: https://ucblibraries.skillport.com/skillportfe/main.action?assetid=RW$14350:_ss_book:18005#summary/BOOKS/RW$14350:_ss_book:18005 ] Digital-Research “Lifecycle of research data. Data lifecycles are path dependent, meaning that the cumulative weight of decisions made at each stage determines what is available at the next step. Although the data itself may be more or less easily depicted through various descriptive processes, documenting the decisions at each stage of the lifecycle is more problematic and less easily automated.” (Kowalczyk 2018) [Kowalczyk, S.T. (2018). Modelling the Research Data Lifecycle. International Journal of Digital Curation: 12(2), 331-361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v12i2.429]

Information-Management-System Tools that designed to improve a data pathway for “cost effectiveness, system utilization, and administrative productivity.” (Jantti 2003) [Jantti, J. (2003). Using IMS Data Management Tools for Fast Path Databases. IBM Redbooks. Retrieved from https://ucblibraries.skillport.com/skillportfe/main.action?assetid=RW$14345:_ss_book:5474#summary/BOOKS/RW$14345:_ss_book:5474]

Data-Management “When a data set is released to other parties for data analysis.” Data publishing allows for “the process of data analysis over the data from which we can find interesting patterns; Consider a party A that releases its own data T to another party B for data mining. Party A is the data owner and party B is the data miner. In a more general setting, B corresponds to the public, which means that party A releases T to the public. We call this process data publishing.” (Wong and Fu 2010) [Wong, R. C.-W., & Fu, A. W.-C. (2010). Privacy-preserving data publishing: an overview. San Rafael, Calif.: Morgan & Claypool.]

Data retention policies is a set of guidelines explaining how to protect and maintain the physical and digital data associated with an organization for operational use by following the laws and regulations. For example, it describes what data should be retained, how long it should be kept (retention period), and what happens to the data at the end of the retention period (archive or destroy). (Gingrich and Morris 2006) [Gingrich, L. L., & Morris, B. D. (2006). Retention and disposition of structured data: the next frontier for records managers. Information Management, 40(2), 30.]

The way that any type of chemical or physical property tends to come apart into smaller formations or an entirely seperate product (French et al. 1996)

Debris damming is associated with debris generated during hurricane-induced storm surge, tsunamis, or flooding events, which occurs when waterborne debris accumulates at the face of a structure or in between adjacent structures. The accumulation can block openings in buildings, bridges, or other infrastructure where water previously could flow freely, resulting in increased loading and other other associated effects, such as increased flow runup and velocities.

Decision Frameworks: “Decisions are central to engineering processes and hold them together. It is argued that better decisions will lead to better engineering. To achieve better decisions requires that they be understood in detail. A typical decision is broken down into its essential requirements and processes, thus displaying the components of its framework. The process leads to the identification of a number of concerns. The components are discussed and a set of issues where more work needs to be done is identified. There are significant implications for both engineering practice and engineering education” (Brown and Elms, 2013). For instance, engineering design is increasingly recognized as a decision-making process. This recognition brings with it the richness of many well-developed theories and methods from economics, operations research, decision sciences, and other disciplines. [Brown, C. B., & Elms, D. G. (2013). Engineering decisions: framework, process and concerns. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 30(3-4), 175-198.]

The term deterioration means performance decay of an engineering system over time, as measured by one or more performance indicators. Engineering systems deteriorate over their service lives due to gradual deterioration mechanicsms (e.g., routine use or aggressive operating environment) and shock deterioration mechanisms (e.g., the occurrence of extreme events.) (Kumar et al. 2015)

When doing a series of dependent/coupled analysis, each step's inputs and outputs can either be known with certainty or with some uncertainty. A deterministic track assumes all inputs/outputs of the coupled analyses to be known and ignores uncertainty. A stochastic track propagates the uncertainty associated with each of the inputs and outputs in the coupled analyses and provides the analysis results is a probabilistic form.

Hospitality The Direct and Multiplier Effects can be demonstrated through the example of hospiality and tourism. Tourist spending can have successive and magnified effects on the host country's economy in three ways. First, tourist spending creates direct revenues, called the direct-multiplier effect. Second, the recipients of direct expenditures spend that money to purchase necessary goods, for an indirect-multiplier effect. Third, the beneficiaries of the direct and indirect spending in turn spend that revenue on unrelated goods and services, thus creating an induced-multiplier effect. (Khan et al. 1995) [Khan, H., Phang, S. Y., & Toh, R. S. (1995). The multiplier effect: Singapore's hospitality industry. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 36(1), 64-69.] DOI Links DOI Link 1

In multiple criteria decision aid, preference disaggregation techniques are used to facilitate the construction of decision models, through regression-based approaches that enable the elicitation of preferential information from a representative set of decision examples provided by a decision-maker. [Doumpos, M., & Zopounidis, C. (2014). The robustness concern in preference disaggregation approaches for decision aiding: an overview. In Optimization in science and engineering (pp. 157-177). Springer, New York, NY.]

Business Hyperbolic discount functions induce dynamically inconsistent preferences, implying a motive for consumers to constrain their own future choices. However efficient the method of reducing the final sale price of an item is depends on each situation. (Laibson 1997) [Laibson, D. (1997). Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 443-478.] DOI Links DOI Link 1

To physically and ecoeconomically make the roads more efficient. This is often done through intense analysis of roadway patterns, done by DOT's and other traffic organizations. (Otsubo and Rapoport 2008) [Otsubo, H., & Rapoport, A. (2008). Vickrey’s model of traffic congestion discretized. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 42(10), 873-889.] DOI Links DOI Link 1

Dislocations or displacements of large populations by disasters comprise a major challenge for states and international organizations. Given the findings of climate change research, particularly regarding the growing frequency and intensification of climate hazards, the problem of dislocation will continue to grow. Globally, there were 24.2 million newly displaced people because of disasters in 2016. [Oliver-Smith, A. (2018). Disasters and large-scale population dislocations: International and national responses. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science.] Displacement can be temporary or permanent, voluntary or involuntary, and may be a response to both physical and economic harm” (Oliver-Smith, 2006, p. 4). [Oliver-Smith, A. (2006). Disasters and forced migration in the 21st century. Paper presented at the Understanding Katerina Essay Forum.] Several factors are important in determining the extent of disaster displacement: the movement of displaced people, how long were they displaced, and how the displacement affected those with pre-existing vulnerabilities. [Internal Displacement Monitoring Center. Disaster Displacement, A Global Review 2008-2018. Accessed October 28, 2020. https://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/201905-disaster-displacement-global-review-2008-2018.pdf]

The Global Displacement Risk Model calculates the risk of internal displacement caused by disasters. Its assessments are based on recent figures of people made homeless by disasters. When displacement is addressed post-disaster, responses are largely limited to humanitarian interventions. The displacement risk model forecasts future risks so that governments and other actors can better prepare for disasters and prevent displacement. Although this model calculates the risk of internal displacement, people fleeing disasters are also likely to cross borders (Vetrhus, 2017). [Vetrhus, I. (2017, October 20). Disasters will Displace 14 Million People Every Year. Norwegian Refugee council. Accessed October 28, 2020. https://www.nrc.no/news/2017/october/disasters-will-displace-14-million-people-every-year/#:~:text=The%20Global%20Displacement%20Risk%20Model,largely%20limited%20to%20humanitarian%20interventions.]

The United States Department of Transportation (DOT); established in 1996. The Department of Transportation’s Mission is to: “Serve the United States by ensuring a fast, safe, efficient, accessible and convenient transportation system that meets our vital national interests and enhances the quality of life of the American people, today and into the future.” (DOT 2019; web) [U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). (2019). About DOT. Retrieved from: https://www.transportation.gov/about]

Unmanned aerial vehicles. Often used for imagery/video observation. (Restas 2015) [Restas, A. (2015). Drone Applications for Supporting Disaster Management. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3, 316-321.] DOI Links DOI Link 1

General “A drought is defined as ‘a period of abnormally dry weather sufficiently prolonged for the lack of water to cause serious hydrologic imbalance in the affected area.’ In easier to understand terms, a drought is a period of unusually persistent dry weather that persists long enough to cause serious problems such as crop damage and/or water supply shortages. The severity of the drought depends upon the degree of moisture deficiency, the duration, and the size of the affected area. There are actually four different ways that drought can be defined. 1) Meteorological-a measure of departure of precipitation from normal. Due to climatic differences, what might be considered a drought in one location of the country may not be a drought in another location. 2) Agricultural-refers to a situation where the amount of moisture in the soil no longer meets the needs of a particular crop. 3) Hydrological-occurs when surface and subsurface water supplies are below normal. 4) Socioeconomic-refers to the situation that occurs when physical water shortages begin to affect people.” (NWS NOAA 2019; web) [National Weather Service (NWS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2019). What is meant by the term drought? Retrieved from: https://www.weather.gov/bmx/kidscorner_drought]